Get ready to brew something truly special with our Fresh Hop Beer Recipe! There’s nothing quite like the vibrant aroma and unique flavor of beer made with freshly harvested hops. Unlike dried hops, fresh hops bring an unparalleled grassy and citrusy brightness to your brew, capturing the essence of harvest season in every sip.
We’re diving into a tradition that’s been celebrated by craft brewers for years, especially in hop-growing regions like the Pacific Northwest. This style of beer shines when hops go straight from the vine to the kettle, often within hours of picking. It’s a fleeting opportunity to create a brew that’s bursting with seasonal magic.
About Fresh Hop Beer
Dive into the world of Fresh Hop Beer, a seasonal delight that captures the raw essence of the harvest in every sip. We’re thrilled to share the magic behind this unique brew that stands out from the crowd with its vibrant aroma and bold flavors. Unlike beers made with dried hops, fresh hop beer harnesses the power of hops picked straight from the vine and used within hours of harvest. This method preserves their natural oils and delivers a taste that’s unmistakably fresh and earthy.
What Makes Fresh Hop Beer Special?
Let’s break down why fresh hop beer is a must-try for any craft beer enthusiast. The secret lies in the timing and the ingredients. Hops used in this beer are not dried or processed; they’re rushed from the fields to the brew kettle often within 24 hours of picking. This immediacy locks in a grassy zest and a citrusy punch that dried hops simply can’t replicate. Imagine the scent of a hop field in full bloom—our beer brings that directly to your glass with a profile that’s both herbaceous and refreshing.
Beyond flavor, brewing with fresh hops connects us to a deep-rooted tradition especially prominent in the Pacific Northwest. Here, the harvest season becomes a celebration as brewers and farmers collaborate to create beers that embody the spirit of the land. Each batch tells a story of the region’s rich agricultural heritage making every pint a taste of history.
Key Characteristics of Fresh Hop Beer
To truly appreciate fresh hop beer, let’s look at its defining traits. We’ve compiled a quick reference table to highlight what sets this brew apart from others made with dried or pelletized hops.
| Characteristic | Fresh Hop Beer | Dried Hop Beer |
|---|---|---|
| Harvest to Brew Time | Within 24-48 hours | Weeks to months after drying |
| Flavor Profile | Grassy, citrusy, earthy | More resinous, concentrated bitterness |
| Aroma | Vibrant, field-fresh | Subdued, less herbaceous |
| Availability | Seasonal (late summer to early fall) | Year-round |
Why Brew Fresh Hop Beer?
We’re passionate about brewing fresh hop beer because it’s an opportunity to experiment with nature’s freshest offerings. The challenge of working with perishable ingredients pushes us to perfect our timing and techniques ensuring that every batch bursts with unmatched freshness. Plus, there’s a certain thrill in crafting a beer that’s only available for a fleeting moment each year. It’s like capturing lightning in a bottle—or in this case a pint glass.
This style of beer also allows us to connect with our local hop farmers fostering a sense of community and sustainability. By brewing with fresh hops, we’re not just making beer; we’re honoring the harvest and sharing a piece of our region’s soul with every pour. Stick with us as we guide you through crafting your own Fresh Hop Beer in the upcoming recipe steps where we’ll detail every hoppy nuance.
Ingredients for Fresh Hop Beer Recipe
We’re thrilled to dive into the heart of our Fresh Hop Beer Recipe by listing the essential ingredients needed to craft this seasonal masterpiece. Let’s gather everything to capture the vibrant fresh hop essence in every sip.
Base Ingredients
To build the foundation of our Fresh Hop Beer, we start with these core components that ensure a balanced brew. These are the building blocks for body and fermentation:
- Water: 5 gallons of clean filtered water to maintain purity in flavor.
- Malt: 10 pounds of pale malt (crushed) for a light malty backbone.
- Yeast: 1 packet of American Ale Yeast (Safale US-05) for a clean fermentation profile.
Hop Varieties
The star of our Fresh Hop Beer Recipe is undoubtedly the fresh hops themselves. We prioritize using freshly harvested hops within 24 to 48 hours of picking to preserve their natural oils and deliver that grassy citrusy punch. Here are our picks:
- Fresh Cascade Hops: 8 ounces picked straight from the vine for bright citrus and floral notes.
- Fresh Centennial Hops: 6 ounces to add a zesty lemony kick with subtle pine undertones.
- Fresh Chinook Hops: 4 ounces for a bold spicy and resinous edge.
Note: If you can’t source fresh hops locally, reach out to hop farms in regions like the Pacific Northwest for overnight shipping to maintain freshness.
Additional Flavorings
While the fresh hops steal the show, we can enhance our brew with subtle additions to complement the earthy vibrancy. These optional ingredients add depth:
- Honey: 1 pound of local raw honey to introduce a gentle sweetness that pairs with hop bitterness.
- Lemon Zest: Zest of 1 large lemon for an extra layer of citrus brightness.
- Coriander Seeds: 1 ounce (lightly crushed) to bring a hint of spicy warmth to the finish.
Equipment Needed
Let’s gear up to brew our Fresh Hop Beer with the right tools and setup. Having the proper equipment ensures a smooth brewing process and helps us capture the vibrant essence of fresh hops in every sip.
Brewing Tools
To craft our Fresh Hop Beer, we need a solid set of brewing tools to handle everything from mashing to fermentation. Here’s what we’ll use to bring this seasonal brew to life:
- Brew Kettle (5-10 gallons): A sturdy kettle is essential for boiling our wort and integrating the fresh hops. Opt for stainless steel for durability and easy cleaning.
- Mash Tun: This vessel helps us steep the crushed pale malt in hot water to extract sugars. A 5-gallon cooler with a false bottom works well for insulation.
- Lauter Tun or Straining Bag: We’ll use this to separate the liquid wort from the spent grains after mashing. A fine mesh bag can double as a filter if needed.
- Fermentation Vessel (6.5 gallons): A food-grade plastic bucket or glass carboy is perfect for fermenting our beer. Ensure it has an airlock to release gases safely.
- Siphon and Tubing: These are crucial for transferring our beer between vessels without disturbing sediment. Look for auto-siphon models for ease.
- Thermometer: Precision matters when heating water or monitoring mash temperatures. A digital or dial thermometer with a long probe is ideal.
- Hydrometer: This tool lets us measure the specific gravity of our wort to track fermentation progress and calculate alcohol content.
- Stirring Spoon or Paddle: A long-handled stainless steel or food-grade plastic spoon helps us mix the mash and wort thoroughly.
- Bottling Equipment: Once fermentation is complete, we’ll need a bottling bucket, bottles, caps, and a capper to package our Fresh Hop Beer.
Pro Tip: Always double-check that your equipment is in good condition before starting. A small crack or leak can compromise the entire batch of our fresh hop brew!
Sanitization Gear
Sanitization is non-negotiable when brewing Fresh Hop Beer. We must keep every piece of equipment spotless to avoid contamination and preserve the pure flavors of our fresh hops. Here’s our essential sanitization toolkit:
- Sanitizer Solution: We rely on a no-rinse sanitizer like Star San to clean everything that touches our beer. Mix according to package instructions for best results.
- Spray Bottle: Fill this with sanitizer solution for quick spot-cleaning of small tools or surfaces during the brewing process.
- Cleaning Brushes: Use bottle brushes and carboy brushes to scrub hard-to-reach areas in our fermentation vessels and bottles.
- Bucket or Basin: A large container is handy for soaking hoses, airlocks, and other small gear in sanitizer before use.
- Gloves and Towels: Wear food-safe gloves to handle sanitized equipment and keep clean microfiber towels nearby for drying or wiping down surfaces.
Key Reminder: “Sanitize twice, brew once!” We always sanitize before and after using any gear to ensure our Fresh Hop Beer stays free of unwanted microbes that could spoil the grassy, citrusy notes of fresh hops.
| Equipment Category | Key Items | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Brewing Tools | Brew Kettle, Mash Tun, Fermenter | Boiling, mashing, and fermenting wort |
| Sanitization Gear | Sanitizer Solution, Brushes, Spray Bottle | Preventing contamination in the brew |
With our brewing tools and sanitization gear ready, we’re set to dive into the hands-on process of crafting a batch of Fresh Hop Beer that captures the raw essence of the harvest.
Preparation Steps
Let’s dive into the hands-on process of crafting our Fresh Hop Beer. With our ingredients and equipment ready, we’ll guide you through each critical step to ensure a vibrant and flavorful brew that captures the essence of the harvest.
Sanitizing Equipment
Before we start brewing our Fresh Hop Beer, sanitizing our equipment is non-negotiable. Cleanliness prevents contamination and preserves the delicate flavors of fresh hops. Begin by gathering all tools listed in our equipment checklist including the brew kettle, mash tun, fermentation vessel, and any utensils. Prepare a sanitizing solution using a no-rinse sanitizer as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Submerge or wipe down every piece of equipment that will touch the wort or beer. Pay extra attention to small crevices and fittings where bacteria can hide. Rinse if required or let the solution drip-dry to avoid recontamination. Set aside the sanitized gear on a clean surface ready for immediate use. This step ensures that the grassy and citrusy notes of our fresh hops shine through without off-flavors.
Measuring Ingredients
Precision is key when measuring ingredients for our Fresh Hop Beer to achieve the perfect balance of flavors. Let’s break down the quantities and preparation specifics to streamline the brewing process. Refer to the table below for exact measurements of our core ingredients. Weigh out the crushed pale malt using a digital scale for accuracy. Measure the fresh hops by weight ensuring they are freshly picked or sourced within 24 to 48 hours for maximum vibrancy. If using optional flavorings like local raw honey or lemon zest portion them out now in small bowls for easy addition later. Keep everything organized and within reach to avoid delays during the brewing stages. This preparation ensures that the earthy essence of our Fresh Hop Beer comes through in every sip.
| Ingredient | Quantity | Preparation Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Clean Filtered Water | 5 gallons | Ensure it’s free of chlorine |
| Crushed Pale Malt | 10 pounds | Weigh accurately with a digital scale |
| Fresh Hops (Cascade/Centennial/Chinook) | 8 ounces | Use within 24-48 hours of picking |
| American Ale Yeast | 1 packet | Store at recommended temperature until use |
| Local Raw Honey (optional) | 1 cup | Measure and set aside for late addition |
| Lemon Zest (optional) | 1 tablespoon | Freshly grated and portioned |
| Coriander Seeds (optional) | 1 teaspoon | Lightly crushed for flavor release |
Brewing Process
Let’s dive into the heart of crafting our Fresh Hop Beer with precision and passion. We’ll guide you through each critical step to ensure that vibrant harvest essence shines in every sip.
Mashing
Mashing is where we transform our crushed pale malt into the sweet wort that forms the base of our Fresh Hop Beer. Start by heating 2.5 gallons of clean filtered water in your brew kettle to 165°F. Pour this into your mash tun and slowly stir in 10 pounds of crushed pale malt to avoid clumps. Maintain a steady temperature of 152°F for 60 minutes to allow the enzymes to break down the starches into fermentable sugars. Stir occasionally to ensure even heat distribution. You’ll notice a sweet malty aroma wafting up as the mash works its magic. After an hour, sparge with 3 gallons of water at 168°F to rinse the grains and collect about 5.5 gallons of wort in your brew kettle. This liquid gold is the foundation of our brew, carrying subtle sweetness ready to pair with the bold fresh hop flavors.
Boiling and Adding Hops
Now we move to boiling, where the fresh hops truly shine in our Fresh Hop Beer recipe. Bring the wort to a rolling boil in your brew kettle over high heat. Once boiling, set a timer for 60 minutes and follow this hop addition schedule to build layers of bitterness, flavor, and aroma:
| Time | Hop Addition | Quantity | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Start of Boil | Cascade or Centennial (Bittering) | 1 ounce | Bitterness |
| 30 Minutes | Chinook or Centennial (Flavor) | 1 ounce | Flavor |
| 55 Minutes | Cascade (Aroma) | 2 ounces (fresh) | Aroma and Freshness |
Stir gently after each addition to ensure the fresh hops integrate well. Watch as the wort takes on a vibrant green hue and releases a grassy citrusy scent that screams harvest season. If you’re using optional flavorings like local raw honey or lemon zest, add them at the last 5 minutes of the boil—about 1 tablespoon of honey or 1 teaspoon of zest—to preserve their delicate notes. Keep an eye on the boil to prevent overflow as the fresh hops can create extra foam.
Cooling and Fermentation
After boiling, we must cool the wort quickly to protect the delicate fresh hop flavors in our Fresh Hop Beer. Transfer the hot wort to a sanitized fermentation vessel using a wort chiller or an ice bath aiming to lower the temperature to 68-72°F within 30 minutes. Swirl the vessel gently to aerate the wort which helps the yeast thrive. Once cooled, pitch your American Ale Yeast by sprinkling the packet evenly over the surface. Seal the fermenter with an airlock and store it in a dark cool place at 68°F for 7-10 days. You’ll soon hear the satisfying bubbling of fermentation as the yeast converts sugars into alcohol infusing the beer with a lively effervescence. After primary fermentation, consider a secondary fermentation for 3-5 days to let any remaining fresh hop aromas settle and mature. Smell the earthy citrus notes deepening as the beer transforms into a true seasonal delight.
Bottling and Conditioning
We’re now at the exciting final stage of crafting our Fresh Hop Beer. Let’s dive into bottling and conditioning to ensure our brew achieves that perfect carbonation and flavor maturity before we enjoy the fruits of our labor.
Preparing Bottles
Before we bottle our Fresh Hop Beer, we must ensure every piece of equipment is spotlessly clean and sanitized to prevent any off-flavors or contamination. Here’s how we get our bottles ready:
- Gather Supplies: Collect enough glass bottles to hold approximately 5 gallons of beer. We recommend using 12-ounce or 22-ounce bottles with pry-off caps for best results. You’ll also need a bottle capper and new caps.
- Clean Thoroughly: Rinse each bottle with hot water to remove any residue. Use a bottle brush for stubborn spots.
- Sanitize: Prepare a sanitizing solution using a no-rinse sanitizer like Star San. Submerge the bottles in the solution for at least 1 minute or follow the product instructions. Alternatively, run them through a dishwasher on a sanitize cycle without detergent.
- Dry and Inspect: Allow the bottles to air dry on a clean drying rack. Inspect each bottle for cracks or chips to avoid potential leaks or breakages.
- Sanitize Caps: Soak the bottle caps in the same sanitizing solution for 1 minute just before use to ensure they’re free of contaminants.
By taking these steps, we safeguard the vibrant grassy and citrusy notes of our Fresh Hop Beer that we’ve worked so hard to achieve during brewing and fermentation.
Carbonation Process
Now that our bottles are prepped, it’s time to bottle our Fresh Hop Beer and kickstart the Carbonation Process—a crucial step for that delightful fizz and mouthfeel. Follow these detailed steps to condition our brew to perfection:
- Prepare Priming Sugar: Calculate the right amount of priming sugar to achieve the desired carbonation level. For a standard ale like our Fresh Hop Beer, aim for 2.5 to 3.0 volumes of CO2. Use a priming sugar calculator or refer to the table below for guidance. Dissolve the sugar in 2 cups of boiling water and let it cool to room temperature.
| Beer Volume (Gallons) | Priming Sugar (Corn Sugar, oz) | Target CO2 Volumes |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | 3.5 – 4.0 | 2.5 – 3.0 |
| 4 | 2.8 – 3.2 | 2.5 – 3.0 |
| 3 | 2.1 – 2.4 | 2.5 – 3.0 |
- Mix Priming Solution: Gently transfer the cooled priming sugar solution into a sanitized bottling bucket. Siphon the beer from the fermentation vessel into the bucket, ensuring the sugar mixes evenly with the beer. Avoid splashing to prevent oxidation which could dull the earthy freshness of our hops.
- Fill Bottles: Using a sanitized bottling wand attached to the spigot of the bottling bucket, fill each bottle to about 1 inch from the top. The wand will displace some beer as you remove it creating the perfect headspace for carbonation.
- Cap Securely: Place a sanitized cap on each bottle and use a bottle capper to seal it tightly. Double-check that each cap is secure to prevent leaks during conditioning.
- Condition the Beer: Store the bottles in a dark place at a consistent temperature of 68-72°F for 2 to 3 weeks. This allows the yeast to ferment the priming sugar producing natural carbonation and enhancing the aroma and flavor profile of our Fresh Hop Beer.
- Check Carbonation: After 2 weeks, chill one bottle for 24 hours and open it to test the carbonation. If it’s fizzy enough to your liking with a lively effervescence that tickles the palate, move the rest to the refrigerator to halt further conditioning. If not, let them sit for another week.
Tips for a Successful Fresh Hop Beer
Brewing a Fresh Hop Beer is a rewarding journey that captures the vibrant essence of the harvest season. To ensure our brew stands out with its grassy, citrusy notes and earthy aroma, we’ve compiled essential tips under key focus areas. These pointers build on the detailed steps of sanitization, brewing, and bottling we’ve already covered, guiding us to craft a beer that truly embodies the spirit of fresh hops.
Source the Freshest Hops Possible
The heart of a Fresh Hop Beer lies in the fresh hops themselves. We must prioritize sourcing hops within 24 to 48 hours of harvest to lock in their natural oils and vibrant flavors. Connect with local hop farmers in regions like the Pacific Northwest for the freshest picks. If local options aren’t available, opt for overnight shipping from trusted suppliers. Focus on varieties like Cascade, Centennial, or Chinook for their bold profiles. Remember, the fresher the hops, the more vivid the aroma and earthy taste in our brew.
Time Your Brew with the Harvest Season
Timing is everything when brewing Fresh Hop Beer. We need to align our brewing schedule with the hop harvest season, typically late summer to early fall. Plan ahead by contacting farmers to confirm harvest dates and secure our batch of fresh hops as soon as they’re picked. As we’ve learned in earlier sections, using hops beyond the 48-hour window risks losing their raw essence. Mark your calendar and be ready to brew immediately after receiving the hops to capture that seasonal delight.
Adjust Hop Quantities for Freshness
Unlike dried hops, fresh hops contain more moisture and less concentrated bitterness. We must adjust our quantities to achieve the desired flavor balance. As a rule of thumb, use 5 to 6 times the amount of fresh hops compared to dried ones due to their water content. For instance, if a recipe calls for 1 ounce of dried hops, we’ll need about 5 to 6 ounces of fresh hops. Here’s a quick reference table to guide us:
| Hop Type | Quantity for 5-Gallon Batch (Bitterness) | Quantity for Flavor/Aroma |
|---|---|---|
| Dried Hops | 1 oz | 1-2 oz |
| Fresh Hops | 5-6 oz | 5-10 oz |
This adjustment ensures our Fresh Hop Beer maintains the right bitterness and aroma levels we’ve aimed for during the boiling stage.
Handle Fresh Hops with Care
Fresh hops are delicate and require gentle handling to preserve their natural oils. Avoid crushing or over-manipulating them before adding to the boil as this can release unwanted vegetal flavors. We should store them in a cool, dark place or refrigerate them in airtight bags if not using immediately. During the brewing process outlined earlier, add them directly to the wort without excessive agitation. This care ensures the grassy and citrusy notes shine through in every sip.
Monitor Fermentation Temperatures
Fermentation is a critical stage for our Fresh Hop Beer as discussed in prior sections. We must keep temperatures consistent to avoid off-flavors that could overpower the delicate fresh hop profile. Aim for a range of 65-70°F (18-21°C) for most ale yeasts like American Ale Yeast. Use a fermentation chamber or a cool basement to maintain stability. Check daily with a thermometer and adjust as needed. A steady temperature lets the vibrant aroma and earthy taste develop beautifully during fermentation.
Experiment with Late Hop Additions
To amplify the fresh character of our beer, we can experiment with late hop additions or dry hopping. Add a generous handful of fresh hops during the last 5 minutes of the boil for an intense aroma burst. Alternatively, try dry hopping in the secondary fermenter with 3-5 ounces of fresh hops for a few days. This builds on our earlier hop schedule and enhances the citrusy and grassy notes without adding extra bitterness. Keep notes on each batch to refine our approach for future brews.
Sanitize Relentlessly
As emphasized in the sanitization steps earlier, cleanliness is non-negotiable when brewing Fresh Hop Beer. Any contamination can ruin the delicate flavors of fresh hops. We must sanitize every piece of equipment—brew kettle, fermenter, bottles, and caps—using a no-rinse sanitizer solution. Double-check hoses and small tools where residue can hide. A clean setup preserves the raw essence of our hops and ensures a crisp, untainted finish in every bottle.
Taste and Adjust Throughout the Process
Brewing is an art and we should trust our senses along the way. Sample the wort after boiling to gauge the bitterness and aroma from the fresh hops. During fermentation, take small tastes to monitor flavor development. If the grassy notes feel muted, consider a small late addition of fresh hops in secondary fermentation. Adjust optional flavorings like local raw honey or lemon zest sparingly to complement—not overpower—the hop profile. This hands-on approach ties into our earlier focus on precision and balance.
Store Bottles Properly During Conditioning
Building on the bottling and conditioning steps, proper storage during conditioning is key to a successful Fresh Hop Beer. After bottling, store our beer in a cool dark place at around 70°F (21°C) for 2-3 weeks to allow carbonation to develop. Avoid exposure to light or heat as it can degrade the fresh hop flavors we’ve worked hard to capture. Check a test bottle after two weeks for fizziness as mentioned earlier. Proper storage ensures our beer retains its vibrant aroma and earthy taste until it’s time to enjoy.
Conclusion
We’re thrilled to share this journey of crafting Fresh Hop Beer with you. There’s nothing quite like sipping a brew that embodies the spirit of the harvest season.
By following our guidance and embracing the magic of fresh hops, you’ll create a beer that’s bursting with vibrant flavors and aromas. Let’s celebrate the connection to local farmers and the joy of seasonal brewing.
Keep experimenting and refining your skills with each batch. We’re confident you’ll craft a standout Fresh Hop Beer that captures the essence of this unique tradition.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Fresh Hop Beer?
Fresh Hop Beer is a seasonal beer made with hops harvested within 24 to 48 hours of brewing. Unlike dried hops, fresh hops retain their natural oils, delivering a vibrant, earthy, grassy, and citrusy flavor profile. This beer captures the essence of the harvest season, making it a unique, limited-time delight often brewed in regions like the Pacific Northwest.
Why are fresh hops important for this beer?
Fresh hops are crucial because they provide a raw, unprocessed aroma and flavor that dried hops can’t match. Used shortly after picking, they preserve natural oils, giving the beer a distinct, fresh, and earthy taste that defines Fresh Hop Beer as a seasonal specialty.
What ingredients are needed for Fresh Hop Beer?
You’ll need 5 gallons of clean filtered water, 10 pounds of crushed pale malt, 1 packet of American Ale Yeast, and fresh hops (like Cascade or Centennial). Optional flavorings include local raw honey, lemon zest, or coriander seeds to enhance the beer’s profile. Sourcing fresh hops from local farms is ideal.
What equipment is essential for brewing Fresh Hop Beer?
Key equipment includes a brew kettle, mash tun, fermentation vessel, and sanitization gear. Proper sanitization tools are vital to prevent contamination and preserve the delicate flavors of fresh hops. A checklist of brewing and cleaning items ensures a smooth process.
How soon should fresh hops be used after harvesting?
Fresh hops should be used within 24 to 48 hours of harvesting to maintain their natural oils and deliver the freshest aroma and flavor. If sourcing locally isn’t possible, consider overnight shipping from hop farms to ensure quality.
What flavors can I expect from Fresh Hop Beer?
Fresh Hop Beer typically offers grassy, citrusy notes with a vibrant, earthy taste. The use of fresh hops creates a unique aroma and flavor that reflects the harvest season, setting it apart from beers made with dried hops.
How do I ensure proper sanitization when brewing?
Sanitize all equipment by preparing a sanitizing solution and thoroughly cleaning your brew kettle, fermentation vessel, bottles, and caps. This prevents contamination, preserving the delicate flavors of fresh hops. Relentless cleanliness is key throughout the brewing process.
What is the best time to brew Fresh Hop Beer?
The best time to brew Fresh Hop Beer is during the hop harvest season, typically late summer to early fall, when fresh hops are readily available. Timing your brew with the harvest ensures the freshest ingredients for optimal flavor.
How long does the conditioning process take for Fresh Hop Beer?
Conditioning usually takes about two weeks. During this time, store the bottled beer properly to develop carbonation and enhance flavor. Check carbonation levels after two weeks to ensure the desired fizziness before enjoying your brew.
Can I experiment with flavors in Fresh Hop Beer?
Yes, you can experiment by adding optional flavorings like local raw honey, lemon zest, or coriander seeds during the brewing process. Adjusting hop quantities or late hop additions can also enhance aroma and create a personalized flavor profile.